HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard language used to create web pages. It provides the basic structure of a website, which is then styled with CSS and made interactive with JavaScript.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a stylesheet language used to control the presentation and layout of web pages. It works alongside HTML to style elements such as colors, fonts, spacing, and positioning.

JavaScript (JS) is a powerful, lightweight, and widely-used programming language that adds interactivity and functionality to websites. It works alongside HTML (structure) and CSS (style) to create dynamic web applications.

React.js is a popular JavaScript library for building user interfaces (UIs) or UI components, particularly for single-page applications (SPAs). It was developed by Facebook and is widely used by developers to create dynamic and responsive web applications.

AngularJS is a JavaScript-based open-source front-end web framework developed by Google. It is designed to make the process of building single-page applications (SPAs) easier by providing a robust set of tools for developers. AngularJS was one of the most popular frameworks for web development before it was eventually replaced by Angular (the next version, which is a complete rewrite of AngularJS) starting from Angular 2/p>

PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a server-side scripting language that is widely used for web development. Initially created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1993, PHP has evolved into a powerful language that can create dynamic and interactive websites. It is an open-source language and can be embedded into HTML. PHP is designed to work seamlessly with databases (especially MySQL), and it is often used in combination with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to create full-stack web applications.

Laravel is a free, open-source PHP web framework designed for building web applications following the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architectural pattern. It is one of the most popular PHP frameworks and provides a clean, elegant syntax that makes common web development tasks, like routing, authentication, and caching, easier to manage. Laravel was created by Taylor Otwell in 2011, and it has grown into one of the most widely used frameworks for building modern, robust web applications.

CodeIgniter (CI) is a powerful, lightweight PHP framework that is used for developing dynamic web applications. It is an open-source framework that follows the Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern, making it ideal for developers who want to build web applications efficiently. CodeIgniter is known for its small footprint, speed, and simplicity, which makes it one of the most popular frameworks in the PHP ecosystem. It provides a rich set of libraries and helpers, making it easy to handle complex tasks like routing, session management, validation, and database manipulation.

Node.js is an open-source, cross-platform, JavaScript runtime environment that allows developers to execute JavaScript code on the server side. It is built on the V8 JavaScript engine, which is the same engine used by Google Chrome. Node.js enables you to build fast, scalable, and event-driven applications, particularly for network applications such as web servers and real-time communication systems.

Express.jsis a minimal, flexible, and fast web application framework built on top of Node.js. It simplifies the process of creating server-side applications and APIs by providing robust tools and middleware to handle routing, requests, responses, and middleware integration. Express is widely used for building RESTful APIs and single-page, multi-page, and hybrid web applications.

MySQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) that uses Structured Query Language (SQL) to manage and manipulate data. It is one of the most widely used database systems in the world, known for its speed, reliability, and ease of use. MySQL is often used in web development, as part of the popular LAMP stack (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP/Python/Perl). MySQL is a client-server database, meaning that the database server manages the data and responds to requests from client applications. It can be used for a wide range of applications, from small websites to large, enterprise-level systems.

PostgreSQL is a powerful, open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) that emphasizes extensibility, SQL compliance, and scalability. It was developed by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group and is designed to store and manage large amounts of data in a robust, secure, and flexible manner. PostgreSQL is often considered one of the most advanced open-source databases and is used by developers and organizations around the world for a wide variety of applications, from web development to enterprise-level systems.

MongoDB is a popular, open-source, document-oriented NoSQL database that is designed to store, manage, and process large volumes of unstructured data. Unlike traditional relational databases, MongoDB uses a flexible schema (or no schema at all), allowing developers to store data in a JSON-like format called BSON (Binary JSON). MongoDB is known for its scalability, high performance, and ease of use, making it an ideal choice for modern web applications, mobile apps, and big data platforms.

Adobe Photoshop is a powerful graphics editing software developed by Adobe Inc. It is widely used for tasks such as photo editing, graphic design, digital painting, and web design. Photoshop is one of the most versatile and well-known tools for both professional and amateur creatives, offering a vast array of features to manipulate images and create stunning visuals.

Figma is a web-based user interface (UI) and user experience (UX) design tool that allows designers to collaborate in real-time. It’s popular for creating prototypes, wireframes, and high-fidelity designs. Figma combines the flexibility of design tools like Sketch and Adobe XD with the collaboration features of cloud-based applications. Figma's primary focus is on providing a seamless design experience with real-time collaboration and feedback, making it ideal for teams working together on design projects. It's also widely used for designing websites, mobile apps, and other digital interfaces.

Flutter is an open-source UI software development kit (SDK) created by Google. It is used to build natively compiled applications for mobile, web, and desktop from a single codebase. With Flutter, developers can create highly interactive, visually attractive apps with smooth performance and a native feel, all while using a single programming language (Dart). Flutter enables developers to build apps for Android, iOS, Windows, macOS, Linux, and the web using the same codebase. This makes it an efficient solution for developing cross-platform applications without the need to write platform-specific code for each operating system.

React Native is an open-source framework developed by Facebook that allows developers to build mobile applications using JavaScript and React. With React Native, developers can write code that works across both Android and iOS platforms, using a single codebase. This makes it a powerful tool for cross-platform mobile app development, offering native-like performance while maintaining flexibility and efficiency. Unlike hybrid mobile frameworks (which use WebViews to display content), React Native enables developers to write truly native code. React Native uses native components and APIs, providing a native performance experience for users, while still allowing developers to use web-based JavaScript and React paradigms.